Akbar was the centre of all powers—civil, judicial, military and religious. Akbar's policy of religious tolerance ensured that employment in the imperial administration was open to all on merit irrespective of creed, and this led to an increase in the strength of the administrative … Bakshi looked after the needs of the army. He was the head of the judicial department. Previous Indian governments had been weakened by two disintegrating tendencies characteristic of premodern states—one of armies being split up into the private forces of individual commanders and the other of provincial governors becoming hereditary local rulers. In bad seasons, remissions of revenues were granted to the farmers. Akbar’s administrative system can be grouped under two heads: Central Administration Provincial Administration Akbar was an artisan, warrior, artist, armourer, administrator carpenter, emperor, general, inventor, animal trainer, technologist. It goes to the credit of Akbar that the subsequent Mughal rulers followed in principle the administrative policy developed by him. The provincial ministers and officers followed the nomenclature of the central administration and performed similar duties. In 1581 the discussions at the Ibadat Khana were discontinued. Every morning at dawn he stood at an open window to be seen and reverenced by the people. Akbar had a Council of Ministers to assist him in the discharge of his administrative responsibilities and state of affairs. Todar Mal was a brilliant revenue officer of his time. Akbar gave the Mughal India one official language (Persian), a uniform administrative system and coinage, and a common system of weights and measures. In the year 1576 Akbar defeated Rana Pratap in the Battle of Haldighati. Write a short note on Akbar’s administrative policies. Akbar’s reign was an example of the stimulating effects of cultural encounter. Privacy Policy3. It consisted of three volumes which give detail information about Akbar’s ancestors, the important events during Akbar’s reign, and a record of his administrative system called Ain-i Akbari respectively. As a further safeguard against abuses, Akbar reorganized the existing network of newswriters, whose duty it was to send regular reports of important events to the emperor. This topic was modified 7 months ago by Kashyap. Every civil and military official was given a mansab and was called a Mansabdar. It was Akbar (who promoted the syncretic religion called Dīn-i Ilāhī) during whose reign the religious policy of the Mughals were formulated. Farmers were given the option to pay the revenue in cash or kind. His gratitude to God should be shown in just government and due recognition of merit.”, image source: aura.edu.in/read/icse/icse-7/history_and_civics/original/Page-066.jpg. Thus Mansabdari was a system in which the rank of a government official was determined. It goes to the credit of Akbar that the subsequent Mughal rulers followed in principle the administrative policy developed by him. Rai Durga Sisodia of Rampura and Raja Todar Mal were assigned administrative tasks in the revenue department. Babur and Humayun had little time to take any initiative in formulating any administrative policy worth the name. Effective government in a country as geographically vast and as socially complex as India demands a wide measure of social support. First, every officer was, at least in principle, appointed and promoted by the emperor instead of by his immediate superior. The farmers could deposit the land revenue direct to the treasury. The system on the one hand determined the income of the government and on the other hand enabled the farmers to know clearly how much revenue they had to pay to the government. THE NOBILITY UNDER AKBAR AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIS RELIGIOUS POLICY, 1560 80 By Iqtidar Alam Khan The significant changes that were introduced in the organization of Mughal government and the accompanying shifts in Akbar's administrative and religious policies during the Those ranks were systematically graded from commanders of 10 persons to commanders of 5,000 persons, higher ranks being allotted to Mughal princes. In describing the rules Akbar emphasized on peace and tolerance. Panchayats looked after the village administration and also dispensed justice. One was giving them Jagirs (land) wherefrom they got their salaries. These were: Agra, Ahmedabad, Ahmednagar, Ajmer, Allahabad, Awadh, Bengal, Berar, Bihar, Delhi, Kabul, Khandar, Lahore, Malwa and Multan. He looked after the imperial house-hold. Cultural unity: Cultural unity between the Hindus and the Muslims was strengthened. Akbar was a diplomatic King or great statesman. Akbar combated those trends by instituting comprehensive reforms that involved two fundamental changes. Although Aurangzeb was an observer of Hanif ideology of traditional Muslim law in India, he did not hesitate in issuing secular laws (jurists) such as Jabavit. Administrative Units. TOS4. He also introduced a new system of revenue collection better known as the Mansabdari system. Todar Mai, the revenue minister of Akbar played an important role in devising and introducing a very effective and efficient land revenue and record system. Therefore, as a part of his reform, he divided the empire into various subas controlled by the Subedars. It resulted in the development of a composite culture. They were allowed to hold their ancestral territories, provided that they acknowledged Akbar as emperor, paid tribute, supplied troops when required, and concluded a marriage alliance with him. The share of the state was one-third of the produce of the land. The wide and sweeping conquests of Mughal emperor Akbar are an eloquent testimony to his extraordinary military talents. Farmers could get loans easily from the state which could be paid in easy annual installments. During his reign, he initiated several reforms in the administrative system of the empire. The Subadar carried out … A mansabdar got his salary from the royal treasury. Akbar also seems to have instituted more-efficient revenue assessment and collection in an effort to safeguard the peasants from excessive demands and the state from loss of money. (iv) Banjar land was left uncultivated for more than 4 years. With this edict, Akbar’s judgment was set above every legal and religious authority, so it was the promulgation of the doctrine of Imperial infallibility. His early days were spent in the backdrop of an atmosphere in which liberal sentiments were encouraged and religious narrow-mindedness was frowned upon. Such lands seem to have been transferred frequently from one officer to another; that increased the officers’ dependence on the emperor, but it may also have encouraged them to squeeze as much as they could from the peasants with whom their connection might be transitory. The land was measured by means of bamboos joined together with iron rings. Those discussions were continued by a small group of courtiers who shared with Akbar a taste for mysticism. Qazi looked after justice. Akbar considered the monarchy above religion and sect and adopted a policy of reconciliation in place of the Orthodox Islamic doctrine. Akbar the great was the second ruler of Mughal dynasty. Bairam Khan was the guardian of Akbar. Akbar abolishes the pilgrim’s tax in 1563 and the Jariyahs in 1564 in pursuance of an active policy of tolerance. According to the Batai or Ghalla- Bakshi system, the producer of the farmers was divided between the government and the fanners in the ratio settled between them. Akbar's administrative policies were mentioned in Abul Fazl's book the Akbar Nama, particularly in its third and last volume, the Ain-i Akbari In the book Abul Fazl explained that the empire was divided into provinces known as Subas, governed by a Subadar. In that way, Akbar was able to enlist the loyal services of many Rajput princes. He looked after the revenues of the state. Now the farmers had direct link with the government and they were saved from the excesses and tyrannies of the landlords and the jagirdars. Important features of Akbar’s administration are given below: Akbar’s ideal of Kingship. The Administrative System of Akbar holds a significant place in Indian History. He persuaded the Muslim theologians at his court to accept him as arbiter on points of Islamic law in dispute among them. For the assessment and collection of revenue, a large number of officers like the Amil, Bitikchi, Qanungo, Muqaddam and Patwari were appointed. COMPARISON BETWEEN AKBAR AND AURANGZEB ON MUGHAL RELATIONS WITH THE RAJPUT. Akbar’s rule was marked by … Akbar’s day started with his appearance at the Jharokha (balcony) of the palace. Akbar divided his empire into fifteen provinces. The official elite, on the other hand, enjoyed great wealth; liberal patronage was given to painters, poets, musicians, and scholars, and luxury industries flourished. There were three systems of land revenue: This system was prevalent in the areas from Lahore to Allahabad and in Malwa and Gujarat. The Zabti system proved very useful both to the state and the farmers. Other important high officials who assisted the king were Mir Atish who supervised the artillery, Daroga-i-Taksal, supervisor of royal mint and Daroga-i-Daak, supervisor of the mail. 2. This system was in vogue in Thatta and in parts of Kabul and Kandhar. The Subadar carried out … Central Administration: Akbar was the overall in-charge of the central government. Begun in 1570 and abandoned in 1586, Akbar’s capital of Fatehpur Sikri, near Delhi, is evidence of the resources he could command. Although he seems to have been no more than 5 feet 7 inches (170 cm) tall, he impressed observers as a dominating personality. Usually he ruled according to Shariat (Islamic Law). Second, the traditional distinction between the nobility of the sword and that of the pen was abolished: civil administrators were assigned military ranks, thus becoming as dependent on the emperor as army officers. Emperor Akbar’s administration system was built on systematic imperial policies which survived several generations. The Subadar carried out … 2) Each province also had a diwan. 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