Hemlock Woolly Adelgid is a small wingless insect which has piercing mouthparts to feed in the xylem of the small hemlock twigs. It has since spread and is now found in the east from northern Georgia to coastal Maine and southwestern Nova Scotia. REC, Dogwood Insect Pests: Identification and Management, Flowering Dogwood Trees: Selection, Care, and Management of Disease Problems, Why Are Leyland Cypress Trees Turning Brown, Azaleas and Rhododendrons: Common Diseases and Abiotic Problems, Boxwood: Preventing and Managing Common Pests and Diseases, Diagnosing Problems of Azaleas and Rhododendrons, Ornamental Fruit Trees: Preventing, Diagnosing, and Managing Problems. Control of the elongate hemlock scale using sprays is complicated by two factors: With the exception … In three to four weeks eggs hatch into first instar nymphs called crawlers that migrate to new needles on the same plant. The principal host plants include eastern hemlock, T. canadensis, Carolina hemlock, T. caroliniana, and northern Japanese hemlock, T. diversifolia , fir, Abies spp., and spruce, Picea spp. When closely examining infested hemlock needles, adult males may look like tiny wasp parasitoids as they crawl across the needles. Effective management of this key pest is extremely difficult since all stages of development may be present during the growing season. It's important to accurately identify what pest species or causal organism is present when maintaining the health of hemlocks. Individuals that develop from these eggs mature and overwinter. Translucent, oval eggs occur beneath the scale covering of the female. However, these insects are very hard to detect. An infestation of this armored scale weakens trees allowing successful attack by secondary organisms such as the hemlock borer, Phaenops fulvoguttata, or Armillaria root rot. Maintaining healthy trees may reduce the chances of an increase in the population of this pest. Adult females are soft-bodied, legless, wingless, and are enclosed in an elongate cover that is light yellow to brown, translucent, and about 2 mm long. In cases were elongate hemlocks scale is more prevalent this can be a good alternative or supplement to a spray program. DCNR has been releasing a biological control agent for elongate hemlock scale, as well as using a systemic insecticide to reduce … 1978, Diseases & Pests of Ornamental Plants, 5th Ed. The waxy covers of this species can be observed on the lower needle surface as well as on new cones. Hemlock trees are a ‘foundation species’ of forests. The male cover is elongate, white, and about 1.5 mm long. Sometimes waxy secretions from settled crawlers may build into a mass of tangled strands. Author: Mary Kay Malinoski, University of Maryland Extension Specialist, Home and Garden Information Center (retired)and John Davidson, Extension Entomologist, University of Maryland (retired). Though commonly associated with hemlocks, EHS can feed on many species of conifers including firs, pines, spruces, cedars, and Douglas fir. Follow All Safety Precautions. This injury causes needles to drop prematurely giving the crown of an infested tree a thin appearance. two armored scale insects from Asia. When closely examining infested hemlock needles, adult males may look like tiny wasp parasitoids as they crawl across the needles. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. Most contact insecticides cannot penetrate the waxy covering on scale nymphs and adults, so the crawler stage is the only life stage that these insecticides control. Why do we need this? Short-lived populations in Ontario have been identified and eliminated. Two small wasp parasitoids, the lady beetle, Chilocorus stigma, and several species of lacewings are natural enemies of this scale insect that provide some population reduction. When mature, males emerge as tiny winged insects, mate with the female, and then die. To control any of the above scale insects, a 3% dormant rate of horticultural oil may be applied in late February to early March, or before budbreak in the early spring. Soil-injected systemic insecticides used to manage hemlock woolly adelgid are not effective in managing this species of armored scale insect. Mated females start to lay second-generation eggs six to eight weeks after mating. Johnson, W.T. Elongate hemlock scale infestation on hemlock. Scales rarely kill a plant by themselves but may predispose plants to attack from wood-boring insects or open up wounds that provide entry sites for plant pathogens. Safari) is very effective in suppressing elongate hemlock scale and will have less of an impact on the bio-allies if applied as a trunk application or soil drench. This insect is originally from Asia and was first discovered in Portsmouth in 2000. The elongate hemlock scale (also known as EHS) that hitched a ride to Minnesota likely came from a processor in North Carolina, where the invasive insect has long been a problem. Pirone, P.P. Arborist Advice Elongate Hemlock Scale is a species of scale insects that is armored with a hard, waxy covering. Adult scale are round to oval, dark gray or black, and about 2 mm (0.1 inch) in diameter. Pest description and damage Hemlock scale feed on the needles of Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and spruces (especially Colorado blue). Cultural practices that reduce moisture stress and promote general tree health may prolong survival. Feeding injury causes needles to develop yellow banding on the top of infested needles. The elongate hemlock scale is in a group of insects called “armored scales”. Elongate Hemlock Scale- Beyond Pest Control is a fast reliable pest control company, We've been in the business since 1971. Pesticides are poisonous. As of May 2017, hemlock woolly adelgid (also referred to as HWA) had been found in localized areas of Allegan, Muskegon, Oceana and Ottawa counties, and additional surveys are underway. Females have three developmental life stages after the egg, and males have five. Hemlocks contribute to watershed quality and provide a unique micro-environment with a cool habitat for many species of birds, insects, and mammals. Hemlock scale feeds on the undersides of the needles of several species of trees. Hemlock Trees and their Pests. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Treatments for hemlock woolly adelgid If you have confirmed that one or more of your hemlock trees is infested with hemlock woolly adelgid, consider treating them with a systemic insecticide. Lyon. Since that time, EHS has spread to 15 states in the eastern US. The adult female's body beneath the waxy cover, eggs, and crawler stage are yellow. The systemic insecticide dinotefuran (e.g. The hemlock woolly adelgid (scientific name Adelges tsugae) was first reported in the Eastern United States in the state of Virginia in 1951, where it was likely brought in on infested nursery stock from Japan. The adult female's body beneath the waxy cover, eggs, and crawler stage are yellow. By entering your email, you consent to receive communications from Penn State Extension. Armored scale insects do not feed on the contents of vascular cells. In early spring the females deposit eggs beneath their waxy covers and may continue to lay eggs through early summer. Read and follow directions and safety precautions on labels. The elongate hemlock scale, sometimes known as the fiorinia scale, is a serious armored scale insect pest on ornamental and forest hemlock trees in Pennsylvania. Photographer: Eric R. Day Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. View our privacy policy. Bait treatments and insecticides can be used to control ants in the outside nest. and H.H. Ew, scale insects! Safari Insecticide is a new generation, super-systemic neonicotinoid with quick uptake and knockdown of HWA and a broad spectrum of other major landscape and ornamental pests. Fiorinia externa, also referred to as elongate hemlock scale or fiorina scale, is an insect native to Japan that infests eastern hemlock, northern Japanese hemlock, Carolina hemlock, fir, and spruce. The elongate hemlock scale, sometimes known as the fiorinia scale, is a serious armored scale insect pest of hemlock, Tsuga spp., on ornamental and forest trees in Pennsylvania. The flattened, elongate, light yellow brown to brownish orange waxy cover of the adult female is about 1.5 mm long. Management may be difficult with contact insecticides for this pest since the life stages overlap throughout the growing season. As with most other armored scales, elongate hemlock sc… Elongate hemlock scale has a piercing-sucking mouthpart, which it uses to feed on cell contents within conifer needles. Mention of trade names in this publication does not constitute an endorsement by the University of Maryland Extension. Consider having a licensed arborist do the sprayi… The elongate hemlock scale female, which would normally be seen if an infestation is present, is dark brown, longer than wide, and typically found on the underside of the needles. 566 pp. It was first observed in Queens, New York in 1908. Use Insecticides With Care. There are many crawlers from May through June. 560 pp.Pirone, P.P. Symptoms the host tree experiences include: Elongate hemlock scale on hemlock needles: Elongate hemlock scale on hemlock (left, middle (adelgid circled)) and fir (right): Needle discoloration on hemlock (left) and fir (right): Note: other pathogens, pests and processes will cause needle yellowing. Heavy infestations can have significant impacts on conifers. Elongate Hemlock Scale (Fiorinia externa) Fiorinia externa, also referred to as elongate hemlock scale or fiorina scale, is an insect native to Japan that infests eastern hemlock, northern Japanese hemlock, Carolina hemlock, fir, and spruce. 1978, Diseases & Pests of Ornamental Plants, 5th Ed. REC, Lower Eastern Shore Elongate Hemlock Scale is an exotic scale insect that prefers hemlock, spruce and fir but will also feed on cedar, pine, and yew. A 2% summer rate of horticultural oil may be applied to control crawlers in the summer (June and August), although do not spray if temperatures are above 85 degrees F. This may not be as effective in controlling the elongate hemlock scale,Fiorinia externa. The covers of the adult females are elongated, oval and translucent to light brown. Scale insect numbers increase more slowly on healthy trees compared to trees under stress. The scale covers are waxy and may be so numerous that the needles have a whitewashed appearance. Scale feed on the needles by sucking … Entering your postal code will help us provide news or event updates for your area. Elongate hemlock scale—sometimes referred to as Fiorinia scale—is an armored scale found more prevalently in southeastern Pennsylvania. Another four weeks is required to reach maturity. Be sure the product you select is labeled for treating adelgids. Introduction The elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa), is an introduced pest from Asia. The overlap of these generations produces needle scales throughout the summer. This pest occurs in Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Rhode Island, and Virginia. Dispose of empty containers right away, in a safe manner and place. Insects That Feed on Trees and Shrubs. This invasi… Dispersal of crawlers over large distances usually occurs by wind currents or on the feet or plumage of birds. A heavy infestation of elongate hemlock scales. Signs of elongate hemlock scale include a yellow banding on the top of infested needles which can lead to premature needle drop. See All Pest, Disease and Weed Identification, See All Beer, Hard Cider, and Distilled Spirits, See All Community Planning and Engagement. Read the Label. 1) were accidentally introduced into the vicinity of New York City from Japan at the turn Of this century and have subsequently spread into several northeastern states (Weiss 1914, Ferris 1936). Handle carefully and store in original labeled containers out of the reach of children, pets, and livestock. Male and female scales develop differently and have different protective coverings. This is an ideal time to treat with a registered insecticide formulation applied according to label directions. Drought stress and over-fertilizing with nitrogen contribute to scale insect population increase. Under the SLN label, Safari should be applied as a basal trunk spray at a rate of 9.0 oz per gallon of water. Perhaps the biggest pest of Hemlock trees is the Hemlock woolly adelgid. A second spray should be applied in early July, if needed. Like hemlock woolly adelgid, elongate hemlock scale is a sap feeder, which also can cause tree decline and mortality. This key pest also feeds on cedar, Cedrus spp., Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii, pine, Pinus spp., and yew, Taxus spp., but these are not preferred hosts. Adult male scales only have one pair o… Though systemic insecticides in the class of neonicotinoids can be harmful to bees, when applied to the trunk of the tree, exposure is limited. There are several key insect and mite pest species that feed on hemlock foliage. The white, waxy cover of the male is smaller. Egg production and crawler emergence continues for another generation. Excessive loss of plant fluid reduces the growth and health of the plant. Authored by: Gregory A. Hoover, Sr. Extension Associate. In general, avoid using contact insecticides as much as possible as they will often kill the naturally occurring enemies of scale insects. But they’re all sap-sucking invaders who can spread a wide variety of plant diseases, and nobody wants to discover them on their plants! Whether flat against leaves or fruit, or lumpy bumps on branches or stems, this widespread superfamily of insects is well over 8000 species strong. Scale typically are found as small bumps on the underside of needles. Elongate hemlock scale undergoes one to two overlapping generations per year with more generations occurring in warmer climates (Talerico et al. Other pests and issues aside from HWA can affect the health of hemlocks; however, as HWA is the hemlock pest most likely to cause tree mortality, this document only addresses HWA chemical treatments. Elongate hemlock scale is an armored scale, non-native to the United States and first observed in New York in 1908. When they settle to feed, the crawlers lose their legs and excrete an amber-colored, oval covering. The crowns of infested trees may … Closeup of elongate hemlock on needlesPhoto: Eric R. Day, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Bugwood.org. The elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa Ferris, and a circular hemlock scale, Nuculaspis tsugae (Marlatt), (Fig. This species overwinters as fertilized females or eggs. They feed, with their tube-like mouthparts, within the vascular system, where nutrients and fluids are transported. This insect is typically found on the underside of needles and therefore may be difficult to detect. Adult male scales only have one pair of wings. Elongate hemlock scale outbreaks may increase after a tree has been infested with hemlock woolly adelgid, drought, or other stresses. Like other armored scales, it does not feed in the vascular tissue. Originally from Japan, it was first discovered in the United States in Long Island, New York in 1908. Elongate hemlock scale may also be observed on cedar, Douglas-fir, pine, and yew, which tend to grow adjacent to infested hemlocks. The Minnesota Department of Agriculture is advising people who have purchased wreaths, boughs and other evergreen decorations this season to burn them or … Elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa Ferris, an invasive scale in the USA, is native to Japan and China that is a pest of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis [L.] Carrière) in the eastern United States. The hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) is an invasive insect pest that affects eastern and Carolina hemlock trees. Research has demonstrated that nitrogen fertilization of hemlocks enhanced population increases of this armored scale. The scale has long-lived adult females that reproduce slowly over much of the year, leading to a population with highly overlapping life stages. The females and eggs are protected by a hard, waxy covering. It is believed that this armored scale insect was unintentionally introduced into the United States from Japan. One female may produce a total of 20 eggs in a lifetime. Adult females may live up to one year. Although Eastern hemlock is most heavily damaged, heavy infestations also build up on Carolina hemlock, Japanese hemlock, yews, spruces, and firs. The waxy covers of this species can be observed on the lower needle surface as well as on new cones. The scale is only known to feed on Canada balsam fir ( Abies canadensis ), grand fir ( Abies grandis ), Colorado blue spruce ( Picea pungens ), douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga taxifolia ), eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis ), and western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla ). Central Maryland Effective timing includes spring applications before bud-break or … Elongate hemlock scale (EHS) is primarily found infesting eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana), along with fir and spruce in Massachusetts. You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website. In western North Carolina, hemlocks and true firs including Fraser fir are its most common hosts. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press. They mate and the fertilized female produces eggs under her scale cover. Repeat applications may need to be made for effective crawler management until mid-September. Hemlock woolly adelgid is established in isolated locations in the western Lower Peninsula of Michigan. There, EHS primarily preys on the eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) that dot those Atlantic/Appalachian states. Male covers are similar but smaller. 1967, Stimmel 1980). Scale insects are small pests that feed on hemlock trees, and cause a waxy substance to transfer to hemlock needles, giving them a mosaic appearance. 566 pp. The pale yellow crawlers are about 1⁄250 inch (0.1 mm) long and have six short legs. LEARN HOW TO STOP THE INVASIVE SPOTTED LANTERNFLY, Coronavirus: Information and resources for the Extension Community, Save For Later Print Available in Spanish, Eric R. Day, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Bugwood.org. Crawlers settle on the underside of the needle, insert their mouthparts, feed for three to four weeks, and then molt into second instar nymphs. If the adelgid is not controlled, infested trees will decline and eventually die, usually within four to 10 years. Scale insects are common insect pests on ornamental trees and shrubs in landscapes. Spraying of large trees is very difficult at best. Get notified when we have news, courses, or events of interest to you. Many of them are agricultural pests, while others prey on trees or other plant life. Frequently, this key pest is found on the same hemlock tree with hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae. Immature scale (crawlers) are green to yellow. These waxy strands may be so abundant that it gives the lower surface of infested needles a white appearance. Do not contaminate forage, streams, or ponds. They are long-living, shade tolerant conifers that usually grow in groups or are assembled with other tree species. Scales injure host plants by inserting their threadlike, piercing-sucking mouthparts into needles and withdraw vital nutrients necessary for plant growth from mesophyll cells. There is an abundance of crawlers from late May through early June. When this condition is present, it may cause uninformed individuals to misdiagnose this as hemlock woolly adelgid. Elongate hemlock scale may also be observed on cedar, Douglas-fir, pine, and yew, which tend to grow adjacent to infested hemlocks. ■ Systemic materials are absorbed by the tree and transported upward into the plant where they are ingested by the target pest. 1991. It may also be found in cedar, Douglas fir, pine, and yew when those plants are grown nearby an infested hemlock. The insect damages hemlock needles by inserting needle-like mouth parts into leaf tissue and removing cell fluids. The first choice to make is whether to use a systemic or non-systemic type of treatment, and there are quite a few products to choose from in each category. There are several options available to homeowners to treat HWA. New York: John Wiley & Sons. The flattened, elongate, light yellow brown to brownish orange waxy cover of the adult female is about 1.5 mm long. The elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa) is native to Japan and was first detected in the US in Queens, New York over a century ago. Elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa) is another non-native insect pest of eastern hemlock in the U.S. It occurs in many states in the eastern U.S., including Pennsylvania. REC, Western Maryland We embody the University's land-grant mission with a commitment to eliminate hunger, preserve our natural resources, improve quality of life, and empower the next generation through world-class education. The white, waxy cover of the male is smaller. 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Original labeled containers out of the adult female 's body beneath the scale covering of the male is..., eggs, and yew when those plants are grown nearby an infested hemlock needles, adult may... Scale feed on cell contents within conifer needles the plant where they are ingested by University..., New York in 1908 stages after the egg, and crawler emergence for... Difficult with contact insecticides for this pest since the life stages insects that is armored a! As they crawl across the needles of eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis ) and (.
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