We have to be very careful while considering his religious policies. Akbar’s Religious Policy: Akbar is known for his liberal ideas and liberal religious policy. As the empire expanded, it now included people of different faiths. Akbar also invited Zoroastrian priests, Jesuit missionaries and Jain priests to widen the scope of discussions. Abu Fazl links Din-i ilahi with the concept of Akbar being a spiritual guide of the people. He also divides Akbar’s reign in the context of his religious ideas into 3 phases. Thus, as professor R.P Tripathi says, ” Instead of bringing credit, the Ibadat Khana brought growing discredit. Why does America want to back out of Open Skies Treaty. Akbar the Great was a reformer and innovator, as has been fully shown in the preceding volume. Shaikh Mubark and his sons Faizl and Abdul Faizl exercised tremendous influence on the religious outlook of Akbar. This period is also characterized by the discussions held at the Ibadat Khana, established by Akbar at Fatehpur Sikri in 1575, after the Gujarat campaign. The Kachhwahas were the first Rajput clan to join Akbar and also helped in the war against the other Rajput clans as seen in the Chittor campaign. However, a close analysis of his religious policies and ideology shows it clearly that it was not the case always. He wanted to work out a synthesis of all religions. It was a liberal philosophy, which translated as the universal peace. The great Mogul discoursing with a … Hence, this was a phase of intense discussions and introspection on the part of Akbar which led to radical change in his religious views which deeply affected his future policies. It is because. He followed the policy of “Sulh-i-Kuls” or peace with all. Discuss the religious policy of akbar. Establishment of Ibadat Khana. Akbar the Great, Muslim emperor of India, established a sprawling kingdom through military conquests but is known for his policy of religious tolerance. His idea was to combine Islam and Hinduism into one faith, but also to add aspects of Christianity, Zoroastrianism and Jainism. The liberal religious policy of Akbar also directed him to be friendly with them. Din-i Ilahi “the religion of God,” was a system of religious beliefs introduced by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1582 CE. Under these elements, the non-conformists groups like the mahadawis were also persecuted. Akbar’s religious policy encouraged a broad religious outlook. Measures adopted by Akbar to establish friendly relations with the Hindus: Akbar allowed freedom of worship to people of all religions. His inclination towards the leading orthodox Sunni personalities prevented any overt break with the ulama and he gave them full and independent control over the religious affairs. Sharma argues that Mahzar was introduced to replace the sharia laws. He showed an equal amount of respect for all the religions in the country. Answered by Expert Answer: Abul Fazl has described the ideal of sulh-i-kul of Akbar as the cornerstone of his enlightened rule. Culturally, The Hindus and Muslims came closer. He opines that the intention of Din-i Ilahi was to find a common ground between the din or the religion and the duniya or the materialistic or non-spiritual affairs. Liberal influence of Hindu mother and tutors: Liberal views of his mother Hamlda Banu, his regent Bairam Khan, and his tutor Abdul Latif greatly influenced his mind to become broad minded. Thus, Akbar himself became convinced of the futility of these debates, and finally closed the Ibadat Khana. These deliberations were not conducted only for the sake of inquiry and search but most of the participants hoped for a way to obatain favours and promotions from the court. In Akbar’s early years, this easily identifiable class was not well inclined to Mughal rule and could be easily be accused of disloyalty as well as of unorthodoxy. Akbar Religious Policy Religious Freedom to all Communities. This also formed the basis for Akbar's policy of religious toleration. Thus, the biases of contemporary accounts, calling Akbar a heretic has no basis. Disclaimer Copyright, History Discussion - Discuss Anything About History, 13 Chief Features of Akbar’s Rajput Policy, The Religious Policy of Aurangzeb and its Effects, The Religious Policy of the Mughal Rulers in India, Akbar’s Religious Policy with Special Reference to Sule Kul, 10 Reasons for Following the Rajput Policy of Reconciliation of Akbar, Forts in India: 5 Magnificent Ancient Forts in India, Mosques in India: 15 Ancient Mosques in India. Akbar: Evolution of religious and social outlook, theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious policy: Part II (3) The Third Phase (1581-1605): Akbar's own religious ideas and beliefs crystallized slowly during the last phase. Hindus were given full freedom to construct new temples and repair old ones. The Rajput and religious policies of the state got a fresh direction by Akbar. His Rajput wives and his […] His treatment with the Hindus was very tolerant. Sansar LochanDecember 25, 2016History of India1 Comment. Scholars like Vincen Smith perceives it as an infallibility decree, influenced by papcy, stating that Akbar was influenced by the Jesuit propagators. Asked by Farihafatma02 21st December 2018, 8:02 PM. Probably even more important to his ordinary subjects, Akbar in 1563 repealed a special tax placed on Hindu pilgrims who visited sacred sites, and in 1564 he completely repealed the jizya , or yearly tax on non-Muslims. Akbar’s break from the orthodoxy is also symbolized with the propagation of the Mahazarnama in 1579. Thus, ulama had full control over affairs and were never satisfied with Akbar’s concessions. Akbar took a … The crux of Akbar's religious beliefs was his faith in monotheism or Tauhid-i-Ilahi. Rizvi said, the real significance of Mahzar, it seems, was that it was the first effective declaration of the principles of sulh-i kul which Akbar had decided to implement firmly. The Orthodoxy saw them as heretics, but the Mughal state did not persecute them for a very long time. In 1567, Chittor was attacked, and in a Fathenama issued by him after the vistory, identified it as a jihad , subjugation of the infidels. Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to discuss anything and everything about history. Jiziya, a tax on non-Muslims, was thus abolished to win them over. The land revenue policy was improved and the army was reorganized. RELIGIOUS POLICY The religious policy of the Mughal emperors was, on the whole, a tolerant one. No part of this website contents may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of Sansar Lochan, NCERT और NIOS की किताबों को खरीदें या उन्हें PDF के रूप में डाउनलोड करने के लिए क्लिक करें >, Akbar's Religious Policies and Ideologies, “Akbar’s Religious Policies and Ideologies”. Who Was Akbar the Great? In the initial years Akbar was also inclined towards the sect of Mahadawis. Discuss. For example, Todar Mai was his Finance Minister. Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi (Rh.) Bairam Khan is responsible for molding his conduct and shaping his early policy. Also, we find that the historians like Badayuni and others accused Akabar of completely abandoning Islam and created his own religion of which he was the leader. Akbar's policy was positively motivated towards achieving the cultural unity of India. He tried to harmonize the relations. He developed a belief that there was truth in every religion. At political level, Mahzar made it possible for the king to deal with the ulama and , keep the nobility under his influence and also placing himself above the sharia law interpretations. Akbar was an imperialist. Scholar I.A. Three great scholars and liberal minded Sufis i.e. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. 1. Indian History, Mughal Emperors, Akbar, Religious Views, Religious Views of Akbar. The basic purpose of Akbar’s religious policy was universal tolerance. (House of Lordship). The proceedings at Ibadat Khana were initially confined to Muslims only.3. This proves that he did not abandon Islam, and can be seen, as Athar Ali suggests, the accusations were all from the bitter ulama, who were complaining against the curbs put on their revenue grants and political ambitions and couldn’t digest the fact that Akbar had moved away from their influence of an orthodox form of religion. Therefore, we find that the king, even if he did not agree with the ideas and prcatices of other religions, he should still uphold the theory of sulh-i kul and treat everyone equally. Evaluate the Religious Policy of Akbar The religious policy of Akbar the Great was the most liberal exponent of the policy of toleration among all Muslim ruler in India. However, scholars have tried to explain such vigorous attitude as an attempt to appease the Muslim orthodoxy and to win their support. His reversal of Akbar’s policy of religious toleration resulted in weakening the entire structure of the Mughal empire. Thus, in 1567, Akbar changed stance and took some aggressive measures against the rajputs. Akbar was a pious Muslim but after marrying Jodha Bai of Amber, he abolished pilgrim tax. Four pillars of Akbar’s religious policy: Akbar’s religious policy was based on the following four pillars: Factors influencing Akbar’s Hindu Policy: The 16th century when Akbar was born, brought up and lived was marked by a new awakening of broad- mindedness. Akbar’s interest in the Hindu Society led to some awakening regarding the evils of the Sati practice etc. Thus, Akbar had to search for new support groups and he turned to Rajputs as possible allies. Scholar Nurul Hasan has discussed Mahzar at different levels- at international level, which can be seen in the fact that Akbar never sided with any one Islamic sect and made the Mughal state all inclusive, unlike the Ottomans who sided with the Sunnis or the Persians who favoured the Shia sect. This made it clear that Akbar’s position was higher than that of the mujtahid, the interpretor of the holy laws. Akbar was very broadminded. Thus, Akbar’s religious policies were implemented in the background of such religious challenges posed to him, of which the most crucial one was the changes in the relationship and the constant struggle between the Crown and the ulama. 8. 3. Between 1556 and 1562, Akbar remained a staunch Sunni Muslim. He also married Mani Bai, daughter of the Kachwaha Raja Bhan Mai. From his early childhood Akbar had held a special interest in the spiritual matters and had felt that the orthodox view of Islam was not giving him the needed answers. High civil and military positions to Hindus: He provided high positions to the Hindus. There is also a tentativeness in the manner in which he dealt with different groups. From his childhood Akbar had come in contact with Sujim. Contemporary historians like Badayuni often criticize the concept of Ibadat Khana and calls it a place of worthless discussions. He gave religious freedom to all communities and refused to discriminate between the subjects on the basis of religion. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Akbar tried to remove the evil practices like Sati prevalent in the Hindu Society. Extension and strengthening of Akbar’s empire: The cooperation of the Hindus who formed the majority of Akbar’s subjects helped him in the extension and strengthening of his empire. Akbar made a friendship with the Rajput kings and took advantage of the superior and self-respecting Rajput heroes, so that the Mughal Empire could survive for a … Akbar is considered one of the greatest ruler of the Mughal period. Akbar, during former years of his reign was a staunch follower of Islam and was closely associated with the ulama who dominated the court at that time. The Bhakti Saints and Sufi ‘Peers’ had already been stressing upon religious toleration. Abu Faz’l informs us about the abolishment of jiziya in the year 1564, and also the abolishm… In fact he was so liberal in his religious outlook that he attempted to find a new religion on the basis of good points of all religions. He established Ibadat Khana (place of worship) where he used to have religious discussions. He also married a princess from Jodhpur and one from Bikaner. This document, like a petition, was presented by the ulama gave the Crown the right to accept any position in case there is conflict among the orthodoxy, and that option will then be the final decision on the matter. Welcome to HistoryDiscussion.net! The second phase ( 1574-1580) started with a visible change in Akbar’s religious beliefs. Akbar’s religious policy and his treatment towards the Hindus healed strife and bitterness and produced an environment of harmony and goodwill where there had been racial and religious antagonism of a most distressing character. Relation with Hindus. At the time of Akbar's death in 1605 there were no signs of discontent amongst his Muslim subjects, and the impression of even a theologian like Abdu'l Haq was that close ties remained. Matrimonial alliances with the Hindus: He established matrimonial relations with the Hindus. Akbar’s attitude towards his Hindu subjects was guided by the policy of Sulhi-kul.2. Religious and intellectual history of the Muslims in Akbar's reign with special reference to Abu'l Fazl (1556-1605). This phase kept Akbar quite busy because of his several military conquests, and reforms implemented in revenue, military and other sectors. Around the same time, in 1569, a farman was issued to the Muhtasib of Bilgram, to stamp out all kinds of infidel worship (idol worship) in his pargana. Results of the religious policy of Aurangzeb: The religious fanaticism of Aurangzeb overshadowed his virtues. Akbar married Jodha Bai, daughter of Bihari Mai of Amber. & his reforms The main aim of Ibadat khana was to resolve disputes within groups through discussions. As an enlightened ruler, Akbar based his rule on a firm foundation. Widow re-marriage was encouraged. The followers of this sect believed that the advent of a Mahdi or a messiah was forecasted and did not agree with the fact that the Prophet Mohammad was the last prophet. It states that like god, a king should not discriminate, in giving his rewards amongst his subjects , on the basis of religion they follow. His Rajput wives and his […] Before sharing your knowledge on this site, please read the following pages: 1. Evaluate the Religious Policy of Akbar The religious policy of Akbar the Great was the most liberal exponent of the policy of toleration among all Muslim ruler in India. All of this had great political implications. The Rajput policy of Akbar was the result of his deepest understanding. This weakened the power of the Rajputs to offer him resistance. It is said that Akbar would sit for hours together on a huge flat stone and think of the mysteries of God and religion. Akbar's was a liberal and enlightened policy. He got translated the Vedas, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata and the Gita from Sanskrit to Persian. Initially, it was open only fort he Muslim sects, but later it was opened to the representatives of other religions and faiths also. Khan opines that Mahzar can only be understood if we look at Akbar’s general attitude of promoting and befriending the Indian Muslims. Despite the lucrative salaries of the Mughal court and open-policy of the state, the conflict between these two sects intensified. Regardless of this, Akbar gave large grants of land to temples. Akbar had a keen interest in the religious and intellectual debates and disccusions, and thus took part in them in the hope that he would educate himself in spite of the fact that he never got a chance to formally edcuate himself. In the first 20 years of his reign, he made serious departures from the traditional Sunni system of government. Hence, the theory of Sulh-i kul propagated by Akbar denied the temporal practices of the Din and wanted to replace it with the declaration of reason, rationale and also the rejection of superstition. In the past, orthodox mullah governments had imposed their version of orthodox Islamic polity, and their personal opinions, onto all of the subjects. However, his religious views went through a process of slow evolution. He therefore, encouraged the emergence of a new elite group. In the first 20 years of his reign, he made serious departures from the traditional Sunni system of government. After querying scholars of different religions and sects and gathering knowledge about their doctrines, Akbar’s religious views got matured. He abolished the pilgrim taxes on the Hindus. I.A. mera physics, chemistry and mathematics thoda kamjor hai mujhe IAS ka exam pass kerna hai jisse main exam pass hun, Your email address will not be published. This website includes study notes, research papers, essays, articles and other allied information submitted by visitors like YOU. In 1562, the pilgrimage tax on Hindus was abolished. He started a new religion called Din-i- Ilahi which included the good points of all religions. The nobility in this part was also dominated by Muslims. Learn how your comment data is processed. He wanted to work out a synthesis of all religions. Akbar’s Hindu wives also contributed to the change of his outlook. Thus, as S.A.A. Akbar, in full Abū al-Fatḥ Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Akbar, (born October 15?, 1542, Umarkot [now in Sindh province, Pakistan]—died c. October 25, 1605, Agra, India), the greatest of the Mughal emperors of India.He reigned from 1556 to 1605 and extended Mughal power over most of the Indian subcontinent. It can be seen as Akbar’s personal faith, which he welcomed people to join in. Answer: For religious knowledge of Akbar there were many debates took place in the ibadat khana at Fatehpur Sikri between learned Muslims, Hindus, Jainas, Parsis and Christians. He married his son Jahangir to the daughter of Raja Bhagwan Dass, son of Raja Bihari Lai. Nizami sees the change as nothing more than a changing attitude towards the ulama. Nizami suggests that Akbar wanted to use religion for his political advantage. Soon after Din-i Ilahi, Akbar introduced Sulh-i kul as the official policy of the empire. Akbar established a Translation Bureau with the aim of translating Sanskrit works into Persian. Akbar gave land grants to Hindu, Jain and Persian institutions. TOS4. He practiced the tenets of Islam as a devout Muslim—prayed five times a day, kept fast in the holy month of Ramazan and honored the Ulemas of Islam. As Irfan Habib states that it meant to inform everyone about the main spiritual truth. His religious policy did not discriminate other religions and focused on the ideas of peace, unity and tolerance. To achieve this, he tried to establish a composite governing class which would not be discrinimated on the grounds of religion. The akbar adopted the policy of peace in place of Islamic doctrine. Mughal state clearly had close association with the Sunnis , but it followed a policy of tolerance and unlike its contemporary Islamic states it had not made any public proclamation of ist affliation to one particular sect. He wanted to show that he would not accpet any orthodox, sharia law which lacked aql or a logical reason. In his period, dominant scholars included Makhdumul Mulk Sultanpuri and Shaikh Abdul Nabi, both were highly conservative Sunni Mullahs. image source: islamicvoice.com/islamicvoice/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Jalaluddin-Akbar.jpg. The final phase (1581-1605) of Akbar’s religious beliefs and state is defined by the crystallization of Akbar’s ideological beliefs. Akbar had been brought up in an atmosphere surcharged with conflicting religious influences. In consonance with that policy, Akbar adopted a policy of universal religious toleration. 4. It was also known as the principle of peace with all, ie peaceful behavior with all. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. He issued the ‘Infallibility Decree’ which freed him from following the authority of the Muslim Mullahs. The debates were open to the Shias as well, Hindus were also being favoured as the new alliance was budding between the crown and the Rajputs. In 1562, the pilgrimage tax on Hindus was abolished. Sulh- i kul was the product of the synthetic effect of the Bhakti and Sufism of the age. Sulh i-kul was an idea which was a result of Akbar’s experiences in while he quenched his thirst of gaining spiritual knowledge over the years, by different media like being close with the ulamas, instituting Ibadat Khana, Mahazarnama, the heavy influence of Sufi Chisti silsilas and many others. In the first phase (1556-1574), Akbar seems to be in agreement with the Islamic orthodoxy. This can be clearly seen in the case of assimilating the Rajputs into the nobility. Matrimonial alliances: In 1562, Akbar married the daughter of Raja Bihari Mai of Amber (modern … There is also a tentativeness in the manner in which he dealt with different groups. To separate himself from the filed past standards of Muslim rule, Akbar waged war against the mullahs (experts in Muslim religious matters) for control over social and political policy in his empire. From his childhood Akbar had come in contact with Sujim. Akbar realized the Rajputs were the most important group of the ruling company. However, Abu Fazl, gives us an opposite picture and finds these discussions very useful, which according to him guided the people away from the darkness and enlightened them. Akbar’s growing awareness of repercussions of the traditional orthodox Sunni dominance over his administration compelled him to an active search for new solutions. Broad religious outlook entire structure of the state, the pilgrimage tax on Hindus abolished... History, Mughal emperors was, on the philosophies of Ibn-i Arabi Akbar a. He used to have religious discussions clear that Akbar wanted to show he! 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Singh were other important ministers largely on the ideas of Akbar reconciliation, and reforms implemented in revenue military... Papcy, stating that Akbar would sit for hours together on a huge flat stone think!
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