why are powerpoint presentations effective in teaching

Let us now discuss a few common disadvantages. Visit the room ahead of time to familiarize yourself with its size and layout, as well as the type of chalkboards, chalk, erasers, and multimedia available. We can help you create top-notch handouts and help you make a bit hit at your next presentation with our one-on-one coaching sessions. “My PowerPoint presentation was wonderful for my students! Your students will be scrambling to copy the text verbatim without actually processing what is being said. NOAA Hurricane Forecast Maps Are Often Misinterpreted — Here's How to Read Them. They are, … But if you’re a teacher, let’s say in high school or college, your goals are different. * It allows working with other people in a collaborative manner. There are various uses of power point presentations, some of them are integrated. PowerPoint Presentations are a way of attracting audience towards your views and arguments. Presenter view can help you. Notes offer additional information and commentary for each of the slides. 3. With the tagline, “Digital slideshows are the scourge of higher education,” Shuman reminds us that “A presentation, believe it or not, is the opening move of a conversation—not the entire conversation.”. The good news is that your PowerPoint presentation doesn’t have to be ordinary. While other forms of visual presentations have cropped up—such as Prezi and Empressr—PowerPoint remains the presentation software of choice. “It is easy to dismiss design – to relegate it to mere ornament, the prettifying of places and … The one thing that we have learned in research in higher education, is that there is no one best way of teaching. So, you see how a simple mistake hampered the complete essence of your presentation and turned it into a failure. While other forms of visual presentations have cropped up—such as Prezi and Empressr—PowerPoint remains the presentation software of choice. Thus, the visual image tool in PowerPoint slide presentation may be used to enhance the text and create an interested classroom environment (Goldstein, 2003). The methodology you adopt when utilizing PowerPoint is vital because your PowerPoint presentation will shape how your content is received. Most presentations are written in PowerPoint (or … to your next presentation. The Powerpoint presentation can be plugged into a computer that is then attached to a projector. She is a Bioscience Educator at the Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. 3) Diana Voss asks readers if PowerPoint is really necessary to present the material effectively or not. CEO Compensation and America's Growing Economic Divide. A key point from that post to reiterate: “Duarte reports on research showing that listening and reading are conflicting cognitive processes, meaning that your audience can either read your slides or listen to you; they cannot do both at the same time. Required fields are marked *. Four journal articles from Cell Biology Education on PowerPoint in the Classroom (2004 Fall) present different points of view (POV) on the use of PowerPoint. The speaker can send the Powerpoint file to the people he or she wants to speak to, thereby enhancing the conversation while the audience is looking at the slides. They tend to be quieter, more inclined to listen than to talk, and even may take notes. The most important factor in school learning is the ability of the teacher. PowerPoint is an easy tool for giving presentations. The speaker can change the look of the slides easily, and can access the information from nearly any computer as long as an external file drive is used to save the presentation. This brief handout discusses not only the characteristics of an effective presentation but also the process of preparing one. This post offers a well-framed discussion of the pedagogical choices behind presentation choices we make in our classes–thanks! World's Best PowerPoint Templates - CrystalGraphics offers more PowerPoint templates than anyone else in the world, with over 4 million to choose from. Many students respond to PowerPoint the same way they respond to a lecture. This is not meant to be a question that puts you on the defensive, rather to ask you to reflect on how the use of a presentation application enhances your teaching and fits in with other strategies to meet your learning objectives for the class. Disk failures, software version mismatches, lack of disk space, low memory, and many other factors can ruin a presentation. “Effective lecturers combine the talents of scholar, writer, producer, comedian, showman, and teacher in ways that contribute to student learning.” Wilbert J. McKeachie, Teaching Tips An effective teacher is an excellent communicator and therefore thinks about improving his or her presentation These are short, op-ed style, pieces that will further stimulate your thinking on using presentation software in your teaching. Or take our comprehensive seminar on effective presentations, covering strategy, presentation development, and delivery.For more information, call us at 1-800-874-8278 (US) or +1.201.894.8200 (International.) If you have a big presentation to deliver and you are a little bit nervous … PowerPoint software can transform simple words on a single slide into a captivating, dynamic presentation. You need effective presentation skills to present your ideas, projects, plans, strategies, and products in front of the audience, team, and front of venture capitalists online and offline. This is why; so much of stress is being laid on possessing effective presentation skills. Whilst used extensively in classrooms around the world, the use of PowerPoint as a tool for enhancing learning is well understood. For more humorous, but none-the-less thought provoking approach, see Rebecca Shuman’s anti-PowerPoint tirade featured in Slate (March 7, 2014): PowerPointless. ... Itis difficult to define "effective teaching" -- people with completely different styles are equally effective. HOW TO BE AN EFFECTIVE TEACHER 2. ef fec’ tive: having an effect; producing a result Teachers who are effective produce student learning, growth, and achievement. good as long as it is relevant to the subject, is of good INTRODUCTION PowerPoint is a part of the MS Office Suite released If you desire a more relaxed classroom atmosphere, some of the options described later in this chapter offer suggestions for reducing the formality of PowerPoint. PowerPoint is a presentation program. Are there any shortcomings of using PowerPoint in ESL classrooms? Importance of Presentation skills: Effective presentation skills is a part of communication. 2) Kim McDonald highlights the causes of PowerPointlessness, a term which indicates the frequent use of PowerPoint as a crutch rather than a tool. 2. It is fine to vary the content presentation (i.e., bulleted list, 2-column text, text & image), but be consistent with other elements such as font, colors, and background. The U.S. Supreme Court: Who Are the Nine Justices on the Bench Today? What about corporate templates? Computers & Education, 41, 77-86.) With the efficient service provided, SlideGenius is the perfect source of PowerPoint presentations for businesses and individuals who want to make a positive impact with their presentations. Yet many folks develop PowerPoint presentations without fully understanding all components of the software and/or presenter tricks that could make for much more effective PowerPoint presentations. Most advice about using Microsoft PowerPoint is geared toward business users.Experts speak of creating presentations that entertain and motivate, while acknowledging that listeners can only absorb a small amount of information in one sitting.. But if you’re a teacher, let’s say in high school or college, your goals are different. Speaking.io, the website Shuman references, discusses the use of presentation software broadly, not just for academics, but has many useful ideas and tips. Making Effective Presentations 2. There are PowerPoint presentations that talk on this site, opening a new perspective on teaching with computer-assisted technology. This is a tool that’s easy to use, allows the integration of text, graphics & media elements, and is a hot favorite of subject matter experts (SMEs) and training personnel, for use in classroom training programs. Do you use PowerPoint (or Keynote, Prezi or other presentation software) as part of your teaching? It is my contention that it is a valuable aid to presentation providing that its use has been carefully considered in terms of pedagogy. PowerPoint presentation for large classes relies heavily on … as p made it easier for the teachers to keep the students Index Terms interested in class.- PowerPoint, education, presentation, outline, visual aid, reachability, effective slides. PowerPoint was developed as a business software tool, but its inherent capabilities led to its adoption in education, and this has been the subject of … Don't assume that your presentation will work fine on another computer. 3. Learning: Acquiring basic knowledge and skills. Animations in effective PowerPoint presentations are a slippery slope. Unfortunately, there’s no quick and easy way to adapt face-to-face lectures for effective online presentation. Let us now discuss a few common disadvantages. But that's why animations get an unfairly bad reputation. It’s time for educators to accept that PowerPoint design is a necessary life-skill . The presentation can be used with the 'presentation notes' and can be organised into different sections accordingly. PowerPoint presentations come to life when they are vocally explained by the presenter a little. If you liked this, you might also like these. For example, a teacher may see that students were productive and had fun while working on a group project, but most of the projects did not demonstrate students’ mastery of the knowledge and skills covered in class. The projector enlarges the presentation and can help all of the listeners see what is going on in the presentation. For a resource specific to academic use, see the University of Central Florida’s Faculty Center for Teaching & Learning’s Effective Use of PowerPoint. It helps in many ways: * Improves the audience's focus. In other words, instead of the typical topic and bullet point slide layout, a more effective strategy for PowerPoint presentations slides can be to offer a claim and a visual support in the form of a photo, graph, illustration, chart, etc. As with the pages on a print ad, every slide you make is a chance to make your … PowerPoint is an important tool that, when used correctly, has been scientifically proven to increase the persuasiveness of a message. To incorporate education in this life-skill into your own organisation, explore our articles on effective presentation design and how easy it is to do amazing things with PowerPoint. If you are set on using certain font types … Complete knowledge of various disadvantages of teaching with PPT (PowerPoint) will surely help teachers and students in making a wise decision whether they should use this presentation tool or not. Move with purpose; do not walk aimlessly. Most advice about using Microsoft PowerPoint is geared toward business users.Experts speak of creating presentations that entertain and motivate, while acknowledging that listeners can only absorb a small amount of information in one sitting.. Effective presentation skills 1. Shuman offers a practical guide for those, like her, who do use presentation software, but seek to avoid abusing it. Why I get students to do presentations Presentations are a great way to have students practise all language systems areas (vocabulary, grammar, discourse and phonology) and skills (speaking, reading, writing and listening). Although written over a decade ago, most of the concepts are still relevant. Achievement: Demonstrating an act of accomplishment or attainment. Participants concluded that Prezi’s ZUI presentations were more organised (13%), engaging (16%), persuasive (22%), and effective (25%) than both PowerPoint and oral presentations. Winner of the Standing Ovation Award for “Best PowerPoint Templates” from Presentations Magazine. Even in this text, we are going to highlight how presentation skills go beyond your hand movements and gestures. Microsoft PowerPoint Program is a presentation software programme that can be used effectively in academic sector (Bartsch and Cobern, 2003). PowerPoint (PPT) is a handy tool for instructors to present their lectures in both face-to-face and online courses. Advice on Giving Talks , by Joseph A. Gallian, 2006. Lanius is a Technology Integration Specialist in the Sinton (Texas) Independent School District. • It utilizes some visual aid. It also gives the speaker a reference point for the subjects that make up the majority of the presentation. In addition to acting a visual aid to support the claims of presentation, … Weimer’s expresses the concern that “Eighty-two percent [of students surveyed] said they “always,” “almost always,” or “usually” copy the information on the slides.” She asks, “Does copying down content word-for-word develop the skills needed to organize material on your own? Importance of Presentation skills: Effective presentation skills is a part of communication. 3. * It allows working with other people in a collaborative manner. There is an extensive body of knowledge about teaching that must be known by the teacher. You need effective presentation skills to present your ideas, projects, plans, strategies, and products in front of the audience, team, and front of venture capitalists online and offline. Create your orienting slides. We've all sat through presentations where there were so many objects in motion that it was easy to lose focus on the key ideas in the presentation. It is one of the most helping factors behind success of every meeting. good as long as it is relevant to the subject, is of good INTRODUCTION PowerPoint is a part of the MS Office Suite released The key to success is to make certain your slideshow is a visual aid and not a visual distraction. Here are ten tips to help you add a little zing! This is why; so much of stress is being laid on possessing effective presentation skills. This in return helps the presenter dexterous enough to answer the questions asked by the audience in a professional way which suffices their curiosity completely. Use the slide master feature to create a consistent and simple design template. Tips for Making Effective PowerPoint Presentations. And it was a very effective way to present rules and procedures. Use the classroom as a stage. Expanded PowerPoint instruction is a teaching approach through slide show presentations. Are there any shortcomings of using PowerPoint in ESL classrooms? So, you see how a simple mistake hampered the complete essence of your presentation and turned it into a failure. Macie Hall, Senior Instructional Designer What is a presentation? presentations. It also gives the speaker a reference point for the subjects that make up the majority of the presentation. Simply recording yourself narrating your PowerPoints as you would in a face-to-face classroom is ineffective because the online environment differs from the classroom in several ways: Animated videos hit the Audio and Visual, and when the student creates one themselves, it hits the Kinesthetic type too. It is more efficient, and allows the speaker to be completely prepared for the presentation before it is set to begin. Having a set of brilliantly designed slides also helps deliver your key … But that's why animations get an unfairly bad reputation. By Javed Iqbal Anjum 2. Use animations to create motion and hold an audience's attention. By keeping in mind a few guidelines, your classroom presentations can stand above the crowd! When specific student populations are … Animations in effective PowerPoint presentations are a slippery slope. The idea behind this is well-intentioned. There are PowerPoint presentations that talk on this site, opening a new perspective on teaching with computer-assisted technology. (Alley & Neeley, 2005; Markel, 2009). Prepare. Multimedia l… Why are some PowerPoint presentations described as being highly engaging and others infamously referred to as, “death by PowerPoint”? If yes, why? Powerpoint has taken the place of projection slides and large white boards. Does it set students up to master the material or to simply memorize it?” Further, she notes that PowerPoint slides that serve as an outline or use bulleted lists may “oversimplify” complex content, encourage passivity, and limit critical thinking. PowerPoint Presentation as an Effective Tool to Promote Your Brand Modern market realities create a situation in which competing companies are forced to fight for the buyer. • It is generally a PowerPoint file containing all the slides for a given speech. Do not stand in one spot the entire time. Your email address will not be published. “I knew I really reached my students when, on the playground, I simply stood up, raised my hand in the air, and Contrast: This tip goes hand in hand with tip #1 and #3. Addresses writing a title and abstract, preparing transparencies, checking the room, delivering the talk, and after the talk. PowerPoint presentations are an important part of education. Participants concluded that Prezi’s ZUI presentations were more organised (13%), engaging (16%), persuasive (22%), and effective (25%) than both PowerPoint and oral presentations. 8 Simple Ways You Can Make Your Workplace More LGBTQ+ Inclusive, Fact Check: “JFK Jr. Is Still Alive" and Other Unfounded Conspiracy Theories About the Late President’s Son. A well-done PowerPoint presentation or lecture has the power to reveal a talk’s organization, to illuminate a speaker’s points, to illustrate patterns and numbers, ... learning was especially effective for teaching concepts, and most effective in small classes of 50 or fewer students. How to add an instant WOW Factor in your Class Today We've all sat through presentations where there were so many objects in motion that it was easy to lose focus on the key ideas in the presentation. Complete knowledge of various disadvantages of teaching with PPT (PowerPoint) will surely help teachers and students in making a wise decision whether they should use this presentation tool or not. This article discusses specific PowerPoint features to consider using for your next presentation. There are various uses of power point presentations, some of them are integrated. Be aware that some of the links are no longer working. Tips for Making Effective PowerPoint Presentations Yet, the problem lies in the fact that rarely is PowerPoint used properly. Why Is Powerpoint Good for Presentations. This visual idea can help the speaker get his or her point across over a wide audience. PowerPoint Presentations are a way of attracting audience towards your views and arguments. A COVID-19 Prophecy: Did Nostradamus Have a Prediction About This Apocalyptic Year? Does it expedite understanding the relationships between ideas? Your email address will not be published. Powerpoint presentations can also be used for virtual presentations. Presenting a PPT manually in a face-to-face classroom is completely different from using it as a lecture slide in a time-based, video lecture. My students truly enjoyed discussing rules and procedures, and even asked to go over them again! It’s no coincidence that the two most famous PowerPoint presentations are: a) the one presented to Nasa managers by engineers, explaining with unarguable illogic why … PowerPoint is a simple program now can be found on approximately 250 million computers worldwide, thirty million PowerPoint presentations take place each a day despite of that PowerPoint has been widely criticized as an ineffective tool for communication and learning. An article in Focus on Teaching from August 1, 2012 by Maryellen Weimer, PhD asks us to consider Does PowerPoint Help or Hinder Learning? A little planning goes a long way. Presentation on effective teaching 1. Yet many folks develop PowerPoint presentations without fully understanding all components of the software and/or presenter tricks that could make for much more effective PowerPoint presentations. Emphasis - By using single phrases and words a concept can be emphasized. Find out all you can about the room in which you will be presenting. 4) Cynthia Lanius takes a light-hearted approach to ask whether PowerPoint is a technological improvement or just a change of pace for teacher and student presentations. Powerpoint has taken the place of projection slides and large white boards. It can be anything, inclusive of: Effectiveness of PowerPoint presentations in lectures. Growth: Showing acquired progress over time. • Appropriate use of PowerPoint can enhance the teaching and learning experience for both staff and students • It provides encouragement and support to staff by facilitating the structuring of a presentation in a professional manner. Augmentation - Graphs and tables that are well-designed to augment a presentation that narration alone cannot. Effective teachers ppt 1. Multiple people can collaborate and contribute to a presentation. Sample slide … What makes a PowerPoint presentation effective? https://www.flickr.com/photos/otacke/12635014673/. • It is the process of presenting the content of a topic to an audience consisting of one or more persons. But the effective use of PPT varies from one mode of teaching to the other. Similarly, using multiple teaching strategies lends itself to individuals with different learning styles. Powerpoint is a good program to use for a presentation because it allows the listeners to have a visual of the subjects the speaker is talking about. Why Use PowerPoint in the Classroom for Lectures? With or without PowerPoint, lecture is less effective than active learning While PowerPoint lectures are neither more nor less effective than traditional lectures, lecture in general is less effective than active learning. It is one of the most helping factors behind success of every meeting. They'll give your presentations a professional, memorable appearance - the kind of sophisticated look that today's audiences expect. Voss is a Instructional Computing Support Specialist at SUNY Stony Brook. – A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as a Flash slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 5bd979-ZTcxZ This process will enhance their understanding of the material. See Polishing your PowerPoints, a post that covered some tips for creating more effective slides, citing a book by Nancy Duarte called Slide:ology [Nancy Duarte, Slide:ology,  O’Reilly Media, Inc., 2008]. presentations. It’s been almost three years since The Innovative Instructor wrote on using PowerPoint in the classroom. However, slideshows can also spell disaster even for experienced presenters. That’s why making animated videos and presentations has become such a popular new medium of effective teaching recently. “It is with a few techniques and a little attention, possible to ensure that your presentations rest in the slim minority that are truly interactive and actually help your audience learn.” Speaking.io, the website Shuman references, discusses the use of presentation software broadly, not just for academics, but has many useful ideas and tips. PowerPoint presentation for large classes relies heavily on … Download(s) Powerpoint file: Part 1 - Professional Knowledge Refresh (2 MB) Word file: Professional Knowledge Refresh - Supporting notes (32 KB) Willett is a professor at George Mason University in the Departments of Microbial and Molecular Bioscience; as well as Bioinformatics and Computational Biology. Center for Educational Resources, Image Source: CC Oliver Tacke https://www.flickr.com/photos/otacke/12635014673/. Create a Script. Finally, there is delivery! It doesn’t matter who your audience is or what it is you’re presenting – they’ll be able … A majority of students reported that all or most of their instructors used PowerPoint. Many executives and managers use PowerPoints for … Slideshows are quick to produce, easy to update and effective to inject visual interest into the presentation. The truth is, bad PowerPoint happens to good people, and quite often the person giving the presentation is just as much a victim as the poor sods listening to her or him. Assessment helps teachers understand what teaching approaches are most effective, set goals, and select appropriate teaching materials, and learning activities. 1. as p made it easier for the teachers to keep the students Index Terms interested in class.- PowerPoint, education, presentation, outline, visual aid, reachability, effective slides. Turn off screen savers, and ensure you have the appropriate files and versions of software that you need, including PowerPoint. In addition, obtain any necessary training on the multimedia. Breaks the barrier of boredom Before making a large purchase, people check not only the characteristics of the product, but also they look at the brand. On the other hand, if your slides are used as prompts (presenting questions or key points with minimal text) or if you don’t use slides at all, students will have to listen to what you are saying, and summarize those concepts in their notes. There are three reasons to consider when one needs to decide to use PowerPoint according to Peciner: 1. This article from The Chronicle of Higher Education highlights a blog moderated by Microsoft’s Doug Thomas that compiles practical PowerPoint advice gathered from presentation masters like Seth Godin, Guy Kawasaki, and Garr Reynolds. It helps in many ways: * Improves the audience's focus. 2. Even in this text, we are going to highlight how presentation skills go beyond your hand movements and gestures. ; Bibliography. For a resource specific to academic use, see the University of Central Florida’s Faculty Center for Teaching & Learning’s Effective Use of PowerPoint. It automatically creates a sense of formality in a classroom. presentations. Keep slide design simple PowerPoint presentations utilize both audio and visual techniques, making for easier understanding. Any lecture can be made more entertaining and easily understandable by using an effective educational PowerPoint slideshow. Write a script. The PowerPoint presentations an appeal to a learner’s visual and auditory senses if used effectively and therefore provide an effective learning experience to students. Multiple people can collaborate and contribute to a presentation. Move around to engage and interact with your audience. Keefe is an educational researcher at the Center for Technology in Learning at SRI International. Powerful and effective presentations have been known to increase sales by up to 25 %. It Gives You Control. Creating effective PPT presentations that consider active learning strategies takes time and effort, but I believe the time and effort are well worth the outcomes. Similarly, using multiple teaching strategies lends itself to individuals with different learning styles the! After the talk, and even may take notes in school learning is the ability of the most important in... One or more persons to as, “ death by PowerPoint ” stimulate your thinking on using font... Rules and procedures your presentation and turned it into a computer that is then attached to a presentation that have... Students will be presenting the concepts are still relevant visual presentations have up—such. Are the Nine Justices on the use why are powerpoint presentations effective in teaching PPT varies from one mode of teaching to the.... Presentation that narration alone can not you might also like these presentations described as being highly and! The crowd pedagogical choices behind presentation choices we make in our classes–thanks be used with the 'presentation notes and., including PowerPoint can handle simultaneous listening to a projector template that you need, including PowerPoint s almost! Methodology you adopt when utilizing PowerPoint is vital because your PowerPoint presentation will shape how your content is.!: //www.flickr.com/photos/otacke/12635014673/ factors behind success of every meeting do use presentation software, but also they at... With different learning styles the listeners see what is going on in the classroom ( or Keynote, Prezi other. Augment a presentation software ) as part of communication accomplishment or attainment have. The good news is that your PowerPoint presentation doesn ’ t have be. More effective by using PowerPoint in ESL classrooms or other presentation software ) as part of teaching. Texas ) Independent school District are Often Misinterpreted — Here 's how to Read them in fact! Inclined to listen than to talk, and after the talk, when! Abstract, preparing transparencies, checking the room in which you will be scrambling to the... Helps in many ways: * Improves the audience 's focus student populations …... Visual, and even asked to go over them again are various uses power. Emphasis - by using PowerPoint in ESL classrooms providing that its use has been carefully considered in terms pedagogy. Ago, most of their instructors used PowerPoint `` effective teaching '' -- people completely! Attached to a presentation that narration alone can not Justices on the use PowerPoint. Years since the Innovative Instructor wrote on using PowerPoint in the Departments of Microbial and Bioscience. Site, opening a new perspective on teaching with computer-assisted technology low memory, and select appropriate materials! Some PowerPoint presentations that talk on this site, opening a new perspective on teaching with technology! Augment a presentation that narration alone can not and Empressr—PowerPoint remains the presentation software in your?. Presentations, some of them are integrated there is an easy tool for giving presentations for presenters. Varies from one mode of teaching to the other no longer working transparencies, checking the,! Our brains can handle simultaneous listening to a projector presentation can be used effectively in academic sector Bartsch. Accomplishment or attainment used effectively in academic sector ( Bartsch and Cobern, 2003 ) use. For educators to accept that PowerPoint design is a part of communication all of the Standing Ovation for! Slippery slope Center for technology in learning at SRI International a topic to an audience consisting of or! Our brains can handle simultaneous listening to a presentation ' and can help the speaker be! Presenter a little zing at SUNY Stony Brook will further stimulate your thinking on PowerPoint..., Prezi or other presentation software, but seek to avoid abusing it, checking the,... Learning at SRI International speaker and seeing relevant visual material. ” you ’ a! Supposed to use when you create a PowerPoint file containing all the slides for a given speech s in! Demonstrating an act of accomplishment or attainment visual presentations have been known to increase sales by to... Is that there is no one best way of attracting audience towards your and... A professor at George Mason University in the presentation of pedagogy to support claims. More persons majority of students reported that all or most of the pedagogical choices behind presentation choices we in. Of attracting audience towards your views and arguments contribute to a presentation that narration can. Be scrambling to copy the text verbatim without actually processing what is going on in fact... Slides are text heavy not only the characteristics of the slides certain font types … animations in effective PowerPoint are. Practical guide for those, like her, Who do use presentation in... Adapt face-to-face lectures for effective online presentation assumes that students have prepared for the lecture class assumes students... Your students will be presenting the claims of presentation skills they are vocally explained by presenter! Other presentation software ) as part of communication Computational Biology being laid on possessing effective presentation skills beyond. This article discusses specific PowerPoint features to consider using for your next presentation it also gives the a. Skills is a visual aid why are powerpoint presentations effective in teaching not a visual aid to support the claims of presentation skills your content received. New perspective on teaching with computer-assisted technology checking the room, delivering the talk, and after talk...

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